Decentralized frequency control of restructured energy system using hybrid intelligent algorithm and non‐linear fractional order proportional integral derivative controller

The emergence of micro-sources in the energy market to reduce carbon emissions and exploit more renewable generations increases frequency oscillations system. Hence, this paper attempts develop a robust nonlinear fractional order proportional integral derivative (NLFOPID) controller for regulation restructured systems. A hybrid atom search-particle swarm optimization (AS-PSO) is proposed optimize gain values NLFOPID controller. control approach enhances flexibility by providing robustness against RE intermittency. technique coded MATLAB applied multi-area system developed Simulink. Initially, effectiveness algorithm validated standard benchmark functions then implemented control. results demonstrate that proffered AS-PSO performs significantly various types transactions deregulated than state-of-the-art. real-time applicability using hardware-in-the-loop simulation open OPAL-RT. response obtained from optimized remarkable compared other techniques. Furthermore, closed-loop stability examined bode analysis through an improved Oustaloup approximation technique.